graphs of an ngrams (http://ngrams.googlelabs.com) word search in google books for "consciousness". it seems it peaked in the late 1800s, early 1900s and then again 1970s-1990s. perhaps not an exact science as it would depend on how many books (these are English books only) have been scanned & included in the source files, and how many people used the actual term in those books. but it gives a general idea of when the term was more popular in writings?
searching English books from 1500 - 2008 (I asked for 1 - 2010)
searching English books from 1900 - 2008 (I asked for 1900 - 2010)
Aaron Bady did an interesting comparison on 'race' terms on his blog : race in the 20th century
Information is beautiful compared some terms also